• Divorce Investigation Agency

    What will we do in the Divorce investigation for you to get evidence which will be producible in the court for further proceedings? - forensicdetective.club

  • Post Matrimonial Investigation

    Best Detectives Delhi is the only one agency where everyone have the full solution of any type of investigation such as pre matrimonial, post matrimonial, marriage investigation in india, marriage investigation in any country

  • Pre Matrimonial Investigation

    Pre Matrimonial investigation Delhi is Best Detective services is widely sought after by families all over India and we are pleased to help them with this.

  • Post Matrimonial Investigation

    Post Matrimonial investigation agency in Delhi is a very demanding service in today’s life. If we calculate the figures of divorced investigation cases in Delhi or metro cities. There is more than 70% percent of families are facing domestic disputes.

  • Surveillance Detective Services

    Best Detectives is a number private detectives agency in Delhi for surveillance, investigators of best detectives are capabale to do it by charm. inq.forensic@gamil.com

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Best Detectives in Karol Bagh Delhi

Best Detectives in Karol Bagh Delhi provides Investigation services which come through our investigative experience gained from invaluable experience. Our team of investigators have skills, understanding and all-round knowledge in the manner in which a case is approached, how evidence is obtained, and how to investigate a corporate investigation, matrimonial detective services, background verification case and a personal investigation mandate.

We can quickly preserve, collate and analyze data to provide clear and concise, evidence-based reports to board, management and regulators in accordance with the highest standards of accuracy, professionalism and discretion. We also provide you expert witnesses in both criminal and civil cases.

Part Time Private Investigator-PI



Don't wait for the part-time PIs to return your phone call after they get off work from their other job. Rely on a private investigator that makes the job his full time business.


Since 1998, we are the Best Detectives private investigator and Best Detectives private detective that many Best Detective attorneys choose, as well as attorneys across the country when their needs bring them to Best Detective and the New Delhi, India area.

Primarily, we provide skiptracing (people locates), process service, and surveillance (cheating spouse/lover, worker's comp and personal injury), as well as witness interviews and select child welfare surveillance cases.  All investigations require a retainer.  More information on our process serving services is at www.forensicdetectives.in
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If You're Shopping for a PI, Click Here to See if He/She is experienced in Delhi, New Delhi and All over India.

Best Detectives, Best Detective, Forensic Detectives, Detective Agency in Delhi, Private Detective Agency in Delhi, AB Detectives, Best Detectives in Karol Bagh Delhi, and etc.

Surveillance

Best Detective Team Investigations provides quality surveillance for infidelity, workers' comp, and personal injury cases.  With a background in radio and television and a bachelor's degree in Broadcasting & Film, Best Detective is adept with the use of video and still cameras, while making sure the evidence obtained is legal and court admissible.

Best Detective has provided surveillance services for most of Columbia's leading law firms and has also provided professional testimony.  Mr. Vijay attends conferences and seminars so he is constantly bettering his craft.  He is the founder and original owner of Best Detective and Forensic Detectives, which he has since sold, training literally hundreds of private investigators across the country.

All evidence gathered is obtained with the standard of protecting the target's "reasonable expectation of privacy".  That means obtaining only that video and photographic evidence that is public.  For example, it is illegal for any private investigator to videotape through the windows of someone's home.  However, once the target opens the front door, they are fair game -- on the streets, in restaurants, bars and grocery stores.


Cheating Spouse/Lover Surveillance and Potential Infidelity
If you suspect your spouse or lover is cheating, there is a great chance that you are correct.  However, whether you need the evidence to determine if you want to stay with them, for a divorce involving marital property or child custody, or just the peace of mind so you have the information you need, we have 25 years experience to help you.

Go to our website dealing with this type of case at www.forensicdetectives.in


Worker's Comp / Personal Injury Surveillance
Whether you need a glimpse into a "day-in-the-life" of the subject or just a few hours of surveillance, Vijay can help.  We will gather your evidence discreetly and in an ethical manner, without provoking the target or otherwise becoming a part of our own investigation.  We have long range video cameras for the mobile surveillance, as well as shirt button cameras and other discreet means of getting the evidence you need.  Find out if that back injury claim is legitimate by observing whether the subject leans over in the grocery store, bends over to pick up their dog after he does his business, or other activity.

In Personal Injury investigations, we can also interview witnesses, take photographs of accident scenes and otherwise gather the information you need to help you prepare for court.  As a former news reporter and student of the Reid Technique of Interviewing and Interrogation, Mr. Vijay will be able to assist you.
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About Our Best Detective New Delhi

About Our Best Detective New Delhi
About Our Best Detective New Delhi

As far as, New Delhi private detective is concerned, then, candidly, this is the outcome of sincere and honest attempts put up by many versatile intellectuals, who spent lots of time and energy in making a research to find a perfect detective source.

You must have visited many types of detective agencies in Delhi. Most of you must have used their processionals and services for your work. But, you can definitely find a difference, if you give us a chance to prove our caliber ability and worth through our quality work.

Today, we have come as a one stop solution for all kinds of problems. We have got some of the eminent professional detectives, who are highly qualified and having much experience with a sense to deliver quick and easy answer of any mystery. Our experts are made to pass through various conditions to give the quality result. This kind of treatment is very much essential for making them so strong and tough in all respects, so that, they can perform in the hardest conditions to maintain the quality of work.

Since, our team is capable of handling every risky situation, it has raised the vigor, and dynamism in a big way, so that we can wisely deal with a situation. With such traits, it is proved that our confidence is at the highest level and no difficulty or a risk can shake our ability and power.

All these things have inspires us to be optimistic to think positively, while attending a mission, so that there is hardly any chance of a fault or failure to get into our operations. Today, Best Detective is offering prospects to meet its rare species, which are very difficult to get, mainly in all the parts of Delhi and NCR region.

They are difficult in a sense, because, they never compromise with a tricky situation and never leave a work unattended, unless they are fully satisfied at their level by mixing the quality and consistency in their works. The second quality, which makes us difficult, is the expertise earned by using specialized tools and techniques to find a fact. Finally, the thing, which makes us different, is the availability of special vehicles used to deal with a mission.

By owning entire resources and means, we find no cause of any failure in our works and success has to be with us. As far as, our operations are concerned, we can proudly say that today, we are one of the well known firms for having the maximum number of operations and made a record of successful missions. We are having wide ranges of services, which are usually asked by the people during their course of official work or fun time. Since, it is true that a risk or a problem may come to you at any time and enter in your life without paying a warning or a signal for getting an alert.

We always pray that you don’t get any kind of problem, but, you fatefully, if get into a problem, then never forget to contact us at inq.forensic@gmail.com for a suitable advise or a service.
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Post Employment Verification


Post Employment Verification

Post Employment Verification

Best Detective Agency in Delhi, India was established way back in 1998. Best Detective Agency has experienced professionals at your service for confidential and discreet investigation, about anything & anywhere.
Best Detective Agency is an organization which traces its beginning to 1998 by Mr. Vijay of this country and has vast experience in security and investigations, and his ability, sincerity and hard work has given his professionals the knowledge to perform their given task as good detectives.


He gives them training in the latest technology of investigations and the use of latest spy products. All cases are kept secret and confidential. Best Detective Agency offers a complete range of private investigation services for your business & personal investigations all over India and abroad. Our Investigation and services will provide you with information you need with video & audio proofs.
We are one of the leading private investigation organizations in India, which has carved its own place in the field of Private Investigations for banks, insurance companies, multinational corporations and individuals. Our office is located in Hyderabad, India. This office allows the organization to represent clients throughout the state and region. With knowledgeable, highly disciplined and experienced personnel, Best Detective Agency is the right choice for all your investigation needs in India and abroad.

Value Statement

Our detective and investigations are guided by RESPECT, HONESTY and INTEGRITY. These values are fundamental and must be extended to all employees, clients and partners. Because we strive to continually provide our clients with valued services, it is essential that we uphold the highest standards of COMPETENCE, PRODUCTIVITY and ACCOUNTABILITY through our management and training practices. We respect individual talents – but our TEAMWORK that galvanizes our overall success.
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Our Private Detective Services in Delhi & NCR

Our Private Detective Services in Delhi & NCR
Our Private Detective Services in Delhi & NCR

At www.forensicdetectives.in, we have never fallen short in any respects and have entered with a bang to launch best investigation services. The area of our services has gone so big with an inclusion of all activity needs for a solution of personal issue, family matter and domestic violence cases.

This is not the end of our private detective services. Instead, this is a start to know about our easy process delivered from this end. Our activities are covering perfect analysis of a case, ample of site visits to observe the area, interview of related people, friends and neighbors to get the story to find a clue.

There is nothing to surprise, as, our all works are recorded through a miniature device and recording are given along with the final reports. In addition to that, we are always in touch with our client to give a feedback on minute change occurs in the matter.

We are fully co-operative to our client, in case, a client wants to make a change in the process during the course of the investigation. We are happily doing so. The most vital benefit of our service is its low cost. Since, we have given full value to our clients, so, it is our motto to ease them by giving the low budget and high profile detective services in Delhi and NCR region.

The brief description of some of our high profile services is given below:

Infidelity Investigations in New Delhi: The idea to launch such investigation is to allow the spouses to be sure of their partner’s illicit relation, if anything occurs between him and third party. If a spouse feels that her husband is in an extramarital affair and it has gone to a level that it is crushing their family life. Under such condition, we advise the spouses to get our easy service to verify the fact of such developments. Our experts intelligently monitor all movements by recording the information and give the full details to prove the matter.

Matrimony Background Checks: Our check has protected the life of many by giving the timely information of a party showing an interest to have an alliance. Our process includes the family background and personal details of bride or groom. Here, you can get academic records, past or present employment details and economic status of families for taking a decision to fix a marriage. Using our checks, people have secured their relations and found best life partner.

Employee Background Checks: Majority of employers has praised our check, since they have been able to secure their firms from cheaters. As, we provide total history of a candidate, which is used by employers to verify the worthiness of a person. Our checks can confirm the identity, character, academics financial position, past employments. It enables the firms to take a decision for finding the suitability of a person to a post, which is being offered to him/her. This way, an employer can get a good team for official works.

Locate Missing People: People usually go missing due to private or business reasons. As, they want to avoid their social duties. They find that evading their presence can allow them to avoid such obligations. It is seen people usually hide their location and address to get an escape. The missing person could be a debtor or criminal, who must be hiding to avoid giving his presence. Such cases are widely solved by us. We can offer the current contact details and address of a missing person without fail. What we need is a small hint or a clue of the same.

In addition to that we have got other prime services desired by people in Delhi:

Unfaithful Partner Surveillance
Workplace Activities Checks
Alimony Reduction Investigations
Child Protection Surveillance
Child Support & Child Custody Investigation
Find Birth Parents
Prominent Client Relation Program
Teenager or Child Activity Checks

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Why do we need Pre Matrimonial Investigation

 Why do we need pre matrimonial investigation

The establishment of today's marriage is often based on a simple relationship of mutual affection, which is not enough. Because in today's society, the marriage is not perfect or even the divorce rate is so high, you can see one or two. Although there are many reasons for the unsatisfactory marriage, there are many problems that can be avoided before they happen. Therefore, the pre-marital credit is even more important. 

What is the other half: What is the background of the family? What is the credit and economic situation? Is there a debt? What is the learning experience? Is there a family history or a terrible history of congenital? What is the feeling of his family? Is there a criminal record? What is the status of dating in the past? Is there any bad habit? 


Professional Spy Equipment

Why do we need Pre Matrimonial Investigation


Is there a marriage record? Wait, the credit bureau can help you with a complete investigation. Premarital investigation is the best way to answer these doubts. Check the background and private life of your future partner. Including personal resume, education, technical level, work situation, political background, social relations, family situation, actual income, personality characteristics, living habits, evaluation of related people, morality of people.

Why do we need Pre Matrimonial Investigation


For your lifelong happiness, remember to do health checkups for your body, fearing that your body will be out of condition and give yourself a little more protection. Pre-marital credit is a necessary condition for the happiness of both husband and wife. In view of this, as long as the principal provides the basic information of the person being investigated, the pre-marital credit can provide the following six parts as a reference for future contacts or marriage.

(1) Whether the family background investment business is exaggerated or not.
(2) Whether the family has congenital diseases or mental illnesses that are inherited from generation to generation.
(3) Whether the investigation is related to the former male (female) friend and the broken line of the lame.
(4) Collecting records of whether there are any previous or bad records.
(5) Personal credit investigation and record of bank transactions.
(6) Whether the academic experience is false or not.

You can find out what kind of person you are by pre-marital credit, understand his financial status, make friends, and collect pre-marital letters to help you widen your eyes, see places you can't usually see, and investigate what you think. Things, don't say that pre-marital credit is not important, because pre-marital credit is the key to reducing the divorce rate. Before marriage, the credit can be exempted. Some people show their loyalty and honesty to the parties because they are greedy for each other's or family property. 

At the beginning of the communication, they show their loyalty and honesty. Once they get married, they will slowly reveal the true face and invade the parties. Family property, if the spouse is not ill-treated, or even violent, forced the other half to submit and receive alimony from the divorce. Some people also interact with smuggling and drug traffickers without knowing the smuggling. After all the emotions are invested, they find that the truth is regrettable. If there is a pre-marital credit, it can be exempted from this situation.

Now there are many married people who are deceiving the emotional money of others in the name of unmarried. It is only after the incident that they find themselves inadvertently become the third party of others. Pre-marital credit can save you from troubles. Pre-marital credits allow you to see each other before you pay for your life. Pre-marital credits can make your bets more stable.
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Online Private Investigator

Online Private Investigator

Once, Thing before you hire a Best Detective agency in Delhi, India

You should know about the best detective agency in Delhi before choosing for your assignment, that is very important to you and will effect on your image after getting unsuccessful attempt. 

Private Detective Agency India offer personal investigation services at very affordable prices. The surveys are a type of personal inquiry made ??about a single person to get detailed facts and information on various issues such as credit, Employee, tenancy, insurance, marital issues, schedules, boyfriend / girlfriend, the child's education, etc. from various sources to real part under investigation. 

Online Private Investigator


Personal inquiries are made by private investigation companies dedicated information and include civil, criminal, or personal information for the purpose of corporate clients, legal or private. Public records include records of an individual filed or recorded by federal, state, local or other governmental agency, court cases, parking and traffic tickets, records, rental and insurance claims. These records can be mapped together to quickly give a full report on each person according to their personal data.

Personal Investigation Services
Know Job Profile and Salary of spouse
Know about the  Reputation in the work place
Get right information of Occupation/Educational background
Character and Daily Routine
Details of any criminal background
Right information about property of the subject and his/her family
Know about his/her Family Background and Financial Status
Get details  his/her Past broke and know unbroken marriage
Alcoholic, Smoker, Drug Abuse and other
Relations with any other people, Men and Women
 Get true information about Unfaithful Partner
Investigation Extra Marital Affairs
Find right details for Cell Phone Conversations to other peoples
Catch SMS Text Details

Online Private Investigator


At one time if someone close to you or not so close to you but owed you money suddenly went missing, after a certain time you would go the trouble and considerable expense of hiring a Best Detective agency in Delhi. He or she might have some contacts in a police force somewhere; they might well have been ex-police officers themselves. However by fair means or foul, chances were that they would come up with the information that you wanted, along with a good size charge for their efforts.

Nowadays, due to the wonders of internet technology, there are many circumstances where there is no longer a need to engage the services of these fine people and it is possibly to trace your missing family, friends or people who owe you money by accessing the same information databases that local and international police forces use. This might be looking up long lost relatives or classmates.

Recent legislation has taken the ability to access certain levels of personal information out of the almost exclusive domain of federal law enforcement agencies and to a lesser extent, private investigator. Through the internet, this sensitive but invaluable information stored on public databases has become openly available to everyone.

One of the major problems with this is that, despite the increased availability, there still many people whose knowledge of computer systems is not sufficiently strong to enable them to efficiently search the databases. They simply do not where or how to look. In this case, it may well be worth the expense to hire a more computer-savvy person to conduct the search on their behalf, and enlisting the services of an online private investigator.

More difficult would be finding the people who don't particularly want to be traced. People who owe money or have committed some kind of crime will certainly be interested in covering their tracks. If you do not know how to trace through layers of email accounts and government databases, you may find it faster to hire an online private investigator as a detective agency in Delhi. These trained professionals have honed their skills at delving past the anonymous appearing internet and can find almost anyone.

Through these methods people can be traced and usually fairly quickly and surprisingly easily. There are cases where people have deliberately gone missing, and have been traced. There are also a lot more cases where contact has been lost between loved ones and over the years it has been more and more difficult to trace these people whereabouts. There have been cases where brothers and sisters, or even children and parents have gradually drifted apart.

Maybe a family illness or bereavement will spark of the desire to rebuild ties that have been broken for decades or more. Within the minimum of information, families can be reunited within a matter of a few hours through the wonders of computer investigation. A quick internet search will return an online private investigator to help you with these searches at a fairly inexpensive cost.

On the reverse side of the coin, there are also cases where computer investigations can be put to good use in helping people not to meet with each other. This is especially true in another offshoot of the internet communication industry, online dating. Single people from all over the World can meet and get to know each other through the internet.

Almost all of us know someone who has met a partner and found happiness through online dating. However with every success story there are at least a hundred more that has ended in pain and disappointment. The online partner was not what he or she claimed to be, and in certain cases were confidence tricksters preying on the loneliness and gullibility of other people.

Some enterprising people have established web portals that blacklist men and women who have a previous record of leading people astray and not telling the exact truth of their circumstances. This just one of the examples where you can become your own online private investigator, there are so many others, all of them within easy reach.
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Welcome to Best Detective Agency

Welcome to Best Detective Agency

The term “Best Detective” is defined by *****’s as one who commits “fraud” or one who “swindles”. Just as our name indicates, we are the nation’s private investigative experts in catching a fraud, or as private investigators often call them a “Best Detective”.  Best Detectives Agency has developed a national reputation for catching Best Detectives fast.  Regardless of whether the Best Detective is defrauding a business owner, defrauding the insurance industry, or swindling their own family through infidelity (as seen on TV), our private investigators are experts in bringing them to justice quickly. That’s why over 16,000 customers contact our private detective agency each month. When it comes to a private investigator catching a Best Detective…no one knows how to catch a Best Detective better than Best Detectives Agency!  Call us today, our private detectives are standing bye.


Investigation Division


Best Detectives are known world wide for their private investigative expertise in catching people who are cheating (defrauding) their employer, their insurance company, their friends, or even their spouse. Best Private Detectives utilize state of the art technologies and often custom-designed private investigative equipment to provide private investigator capabilities not otherwise available to most private detectives.  Their use of technologies such as satellite reconnaissance, nano-recording, GPS tracking, covert video transmitters, coupled with some of the world’s best private detectives makes the Best Detectives Agency uniquely capable and highly desired. When you need a private investigator to dig deeper and get better results, call the private investigators at Best Detectives  Agency, and see why they are contacted by more people and businesses everyday then any other Private Detective Agency in the nation.


Security Counseling


Best Private Detective Agency’s ‘Security & Security Consulting Division’ utilizes highly advanced techniques and highly talented specialists, with elite skill sets, to get security results for their clients everyday. That is why more private individuals, businesses, major corporations, and insurance industry leaders rely on the private investigators from Best Detectives Agency for nationwide security and security consulting. When you need a comprehensive approach to your security needs, look no further then Best Detectives Agency, the nation’s largest Private Detective Agency.

 Best Detective Agency in Delhi India

Reach Us- Best Detective Agency


The word surveillance comes from the French language and literally means "watching over". The term today is often used to describe all forms of observation or monitoring, regardless of whether it is conducted by direct visual observation or by more technical electronic means

Surveillance is a technical art that requires skill and cleverness to minimize suspicions of the target (person watched). Surveillance may be covert (without their knowledge) or overt (surveillance cameras with flashing reminders and monitors to remind all that they are being watched. With modern electronic and computer technology, surveillance has advanced in its sophistication and capabilities. Surveillance is often conducted in tandem with automated systems that improve its accuracy, but often the best work still requires a highly skilled agent at the helm.


Best Detective's Agency employs a vast amount of technologies and expertise to successfully handle your case. Each case often includes a combination of very high technology and relatively low-technology methods such as direct observation, observation with binoculars, and other similar methods. Sometimes surveillance can include these tools when appropriate and legal:

Eavesdropping in public places
Directional Microphones- Parabolic Microphones
Covert Listening devices or "Bugs" (only when legal)
Pinhole (thumbtack sized) Cameras
Closed Circuit Television
GPS Tracking
Electronic Tagging
CCTV Images
Internet and Computer Surveillance
Why of surveillance?


If you suspect your spouse might be having an affair, and want to find out if he/she is telling the truth; surveillance is a fast means of gathering facts.

Eavesdropping must only be done in accordance with local, State, and federal laws which typically requires that it be done only in public places where there is no expectation of privacy, such as a romantic café or park. Often it may be done over telephone lines only if the party’s consent or with a court order in a criminal case. (Wire tapping) the laws are similar with email, instant messaging, and any other method of communication considered private. (Generally speaking if a message is publicly broadcast such as in an area open to the public, then it is legal to monitor). Messages and communication can be protected against eavesdropping by employing various security devices and techniques offered by our Security Consulting Division. These security services include bug detection / bug sweeps bug proofing, and full electronic countermeasure planning services. 
"Bugs"

Surveillance tools or equipements, or "bugs", are not actually a communications way, but its' are a device that requires a communications channel. A "bug" usually involves a radio transmitter, a receiver, and a recorder.

Bugs come in all shapes and sizes. The original purpose of bugs was to relay sound. Today the miniaturization of electronics has progressed so far that even TV pictures can be broadcast via bugs that incorporate miniature video cameras. Best Detectives Agency maintains an elite staff of professionals ready to expertly locate and remove such devices that have been installed at your home or business.


Computer surveillance


In these technology driven times, computers have become a surveillance target because of the large amounts of personal information that are stored on them. Anyone who can access or remove a computer can retrieve valuable and often sellable information. If someone has access to a computer they can install dangerous spy software on a computer system, they can turn the computer into a surveillance device. So Best Detectives Agency can either protect your PC from attacks, detect if attacks have already been carried out, or install software to proactively watch what your computer is being used for in your absence.


GPS Tracking


We are experts in electronic tracking and regularly track people and assets Coast to Coast including such far off places as Alaska and Mexico. We have a full array advanced technologies to assist you. From covert tracking devices for vehicles that reports it location in real time, to reporting software able to report its past and present locations, travel routes, stops and starts. Or if you believed you are being tracked we are experts at uncovering such devices using our Counter surveillance and electronic countermeasures equipment and techniques. 
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Most Common Third Party Situation For Man And Woman

Most Common Third Party Situation For Man And Woman
Most Common Third Party Situation For Man And Woman

Husband’s affair must be the fault of the third party? Why do you want to leave your husband's husband? What is the mentality of the husband's departure? Is it because of the problems between the two, or is it their own problem? Or is the husband damn thinking about it?

Professional Spy Equipment


 Professional Spy Equipments


The affair is that all three people are wrong! The two must be the first problem in a certain aspect, the third party has the opportunity to intervene, did not know before the marriage whether they have the determination to be loyal to the marriage, did not find a suitable object for them to be confused, If there is a problem after marriage, it is not good to try to overcome it. Some people still have children. Even if the marriage really can’t go down, it’s better to go to the bee to catch the butterfly, and then go to the game before the divorce, not selfishly. When riding a horse to find a horse, make sure that another person can continue to fill his own hollow, then kick off the previous one, or greedily want to have red and white roses to enjoy the same people.

Most Common Third Party Situation For Man And Woman


Who is right and who is wrong? After all, a copper plate is not a hit, and the establishment of a third party requires a relationship between two people to be established. Will it be a third party? Don't blame the third party for why you should intervene! First look at how much you changed before you got married and married? Where is the difference? Is it because marriage makes you not like your own? Is it because marriage makes your interactions increasingly unhappy? Remember that people must love themselves first, others will love us!

Compared with men's affair, most of them are meat encounters, but women are mentally afflicted before they start to meet the flesh, and women change their minds faster than men, but also cold-blooded! If a woman really has an affair, I think the man wants to see it first - what is it that makes your feelings fade, or makes her feel ignored? I feel that you no longer care for her, care about her feelings, hold her in my heart?

First think about what places in my daily life ignore her or treat her badly. Is it normal to be busy with work and not care about her feelings? If it is really because you usually ignore it, let her have to go out and find solace, hurry up and make up for it! Send a small gift, say that you love her, sweet words are essential! Don't be afraid of numbness, if you really want to save it, hurry and do it! The next step is to do something that touches her. It is a real temptation to observe her object to the outside world, or a temporary comfort.
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Criminal Investigator

Criminal Investigator

Criminal Investigator

Being a private investigator means being involved in the many aspects of the profession. For the large part, this line of work is 90% routine and free of any form of physical danger. There can be a little spice and higher financial rewards working in the niche of criminal investigation, especially one with a license. In the United States for example, in order to be recognized as a licensed private detective, a candidate has to be capable of proving that they have logged up 6,000 hours of practical investigative experience. That's a lot of hours.

And even though they can prove that they have the necessary hours under their belt, the potential criminal investigator has to pass a written exam, which is described as "uncompromising." That means that even if you have the experience, you have to be able to put it down on paper, before receiving a very valuable piece of paper in return, your certificate!

Forensic Detectives - Criminal Investigator


Forensic Detectives in the field of private investigation handling criminal cases are usually ex police detectives or people who have gathered their experience working for one of the Private Detective agencies. There are more and more who have come through the field and studied and gained a diploma in criminal investigation. Irrespective of that fact, these novices in the field will still have to clock up the many hours of practical experience. This they usually do by joining either the police force, a detective agency or working as an apprentice at a private investigation agency. The obvious preference would be one that specializes in criminal investigation.

Professional Spy Camera

 Professional Spy Camera


In the beginning serving an apprenticeship as private criminal investigator is not one of the best paid jobs around. To see it through and complete an apprenticeship will require a major combination of discipline and determination. However, for those who are suited for the job and enjoy doing the rewards can be very high, both financially and intellectually.

Most apprentices and relatively inexperience criminal investigators find themselves cutting their teeth in insurance fraud. This is the most common form of crime that is not handled by public or detective agencies. A lot of the cases that the fledgling investigator will be sent to handle will be of a very low level. However this is where the novice investigator will gain their practical experience as well as putting in all the hours they require to be eligible to take their criminal investigator's test and gain their invaluable certificate.

As the saying goes "no pain-no gain" and this especially applies to the world of the private criminal investigator. All the preparation will prove worthwhile once that licence has been gained, and after that it very much depends on the individual ability's and skills of the individual to see how far they will go in the profession.

As in any other profession, the levels of professionalism and the desire to learn more will decide success. Specialized training as a criminal investigator can bring higher financial rewards. Criminal investigators have to move with the times and learn as much as they can, and as quickly as they can, on all the latest methods of criminal surveillance through electronic means. 

A worthwhile criminal investigator should come complete with all the latest equipment. These will include a powerful digital still camera with a high powered telephoto lens, a digital video camera, and digital tape recorders.

Computer knowledge is vital. Today more and more emphasis is placed on computer fraud. Computer crime is the latest phase in the criminal world. Sad to say, a criminal investigator who recognizes this fact will be guaranteed a steady flow of work.

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Private Investigators for hire in and across the India and USA.

Private Investigators for hire in and across the India and USA
Private Investigators for hire in and across the India and USA
If you are needing a Private Investigator or a Best Detective Agency to help you with any case we can help. Our network of private investigators cover the entire world and we have a large portfolio of private detectives with a wide ranging skills set suited to any situation you could imagine.

Latest Professional Spy Cameras- Click on the link to find more

Professional Spy Equipments

Our main specialty is matrimonial and cheating spouse but our private investigators are well skilled and highly experienced for most of the cases we come across. As i said our main field is matrimonial work but we also do the full range of services that any private detectives company would.

One of our new employed was previously working for a financial institution so we are now even more equipped to do searches relating to banking and finance related cases.


Our technical team specialize in electronic surveillance and have been involved in many tracking cases and we have a full range of tracking equipment at our disposal right through to micro bugs and vehicle tracking systems. Call us for a quote.

Best Detective Agency supports all kinds of cases through all over the world, you just need to call us. We are available 24X7 days. Our private investigation services will give you 100% satisfactions.
You can reach us by following;

Best DetectiveAddress: B-50, Block B, Zamrudpur, Greater Kailash, New Delhi, Delhi 110001. Phone: 083683 81999Website:https://www.forensicdetectives.in/best-detective/

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Investigation and Public RIghts

Right of accuse during efficient Investigation
















Law, Science, and Technology have a great relevance to our lives. Law and Science encounter each other in many ways. When technology intrudes in the ambit of legal rights it is checked by law, for example, cyber crimes, in the same manner, to protect legal rights and strengthening the evidence with the help of science, cannot be denied.

Striking A Balance: Efficient Investigation And Individual Rights Abstract


At present date, when the legal system has so much advanced, criminals take care to erase all the pieces of evidence of their involvement, then in such case, scientific and highly sophisticated methods are required to trace the involvement of criminals. Narcoanalysis, Polygraphy and Brain Mapping tests collectively called deception detection tests (DDT) are new kinds of interrogation techniques which are simple and civilized way of conducting investigation. But, at the same time, one has to be conscious of its limitations also. It infringes fundamental rights under Article 20(3), and also right to privacy and right to health which are guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution.

Inspite of the verily limitations, it affirms certain attributes also which includes: ‘order of court’, ‘pre-consent of subject’ ‘non-manipulated statements by subject’ and ‘secure public interest’ Thus, there is a tension between desirability of efficient 'investigation' and preservation of individual rights.

Concept of Investigation-


In order to study about the scientific criminal investigation, we need to understand the term ‘investigation’,
“Investigation means to examine, study, or inquire into systematically, search or examine into the particulars of; examine in detail, or, to search out and examine the particulars of in an attempt to learn the facts about something hidden, unique, or complex, esp. in an attempt to find a motive, cause, it is about finding things.”

According to the "Code of the Criminal Procedure" under section 2(h) of the Code,“ investigation includes all the proceedings under this Code for the collection of evidence conducted by a police officer or by any person (other than a magistrate) who is authorized by a Magistrate in this behalf. Investigation, under the Code includes:-

1. Proceeding to the spot of crime.
2. Ascertaining the facts and circumstances of the case.
3. Discovery and arrest of the suspected offenders.
4. Collection of evidence,
* Examination of various persons including the accused and recording their statements in             writing.
* Search of places or seizures of things which are considered necessary.


Criminal Investigation is an applied science that involves the study of facts, used to identify, locate and prove the guilt of a criminal. A complete criminal investigation can include searching, interviews, interrogations, evidence collection and preservation and various methods of investigation. Modern day criminal investigations commonly employ many modern scientific techniques known collectively as forensic science.

Application of Science and Technology in Criminal Investigation-



Science and Technology in Criminal investigation
The search for effective aids to interrogation is probably as old as man’s need to obtain information from an uncooperative source and as persistent as his impatience to shortcut any tortuous path. In the annals of police investigation, physical coercion has at times been substituted for painstaking and time consuming inquiry in the belief that direct methods produce quick results. The use of technology in the service of "criminal investigations", and the application of scientific techniques to detect and evaluate criminal evidence has advanced the investigation process criminal justice system throughout the country. According to Cowan in his article “Decision Theory in Law, Science, and Technology”,
“The aim of science, traditionally put, is to search out the ways in which truth may become known. Law aims at the just resolution of human conflict. Truth and justice, we might venture to say, having different aims, use different methods to achieve them. Unfortunately, this convenient account of law and science is itself neither true nor just. For law must know what the truth is within the context of the legal situation: and science finds itself ever engaged in resolving the conflicting claims of theorists putting forward their own competing brands of truth.”

This quote roughly means that the law needs to find the truth to resolve “human conflict” and one method of doing so is to use the field of science. Today’s society has improved upon the methods of the past to bring about more precise and accurate techniques. Forensic Science2 has expanded to Trauma Inducing Drugs and Psychotropic Substances. The application of science to matters of law has made great strides in recent years. Development of new tools of investigation has led to the emergence of scientific tools of interrogation like:

* Narcoanalysis Test
* Brain Maapping Test/ Brain Electrical Oscillation Signature Profile (Beos)
* Polygraphy Test
* Dna Profiling
* Fingerprinting Test


Deception Detecting Test



Test of deception detecting
Deception, in another word means lying; it may lead to a serious aftermath in the enforcement of law and the proceedings in the courtroom, deception is defined as a deliberate attempt to mislead others. Hence, much effort is devoted by the forensic psychologists in developing different techniques and methods to detect lies. The deception detection tests (DDT) such as polygraph, narco-analysis and brain-mapping have important clinical, scientific, ethical and legal implications1. The DDTs are useful to know the concealed information related to crime. This information, which is known only to self, is sometimes crucial for criminal investigation2. The DDTs have been used widely by the investigating agencies. However, investigating agencies know that the extracted information cannot be used as evidence during the trial stage. They have contested that it is safer than ‘third degree methods’ used by some investigators. Here, the claim is that, by using these so-called, “scientific procedures” in fact-finding, it will directly help the investigating agencies to gather evidences, and thereby increase the rate of prosecution of the guilty and the rate of acquittal of the innocent3. Recently, these methods are being promoted as more accurate and best to none, without convincing evidence.
But, in a landmark judgment, the apex court of India has clearly stated that DDTs cannot be administered without consent3. Deception detecting tests implies psychological evaluation of human brain it includes three main kinds of tests which are:

Narco Analysis Test:



Narco test for Criminial
The term Narco-Analysis is derived from the Greek word narkç (meaning "anesthesia" or "torpor") and is used to describe a diagnostic and psychotherapeutic technique that uses psychotropic drugs, particularly barbiturates, to induce a stupor in which mental elements with strong associated affects come to the surface, where they can be exploited by the therapist. The term "narco-analysis" was coined by Horseley. "Narco analysis" first reached the mainstream in 1922, when Robert House, a Texas obstetrician used the drug scopolamine on two prisoners. The narco analysis test is conducted by mixing 3 grams of Sodium Pentothal or Sodium Amytal dissolved in 3000 ml of distilled water. Narco Test refers to the practice of administering barbiturates or certain other chemical substances, most often Pentothal Sodium, to lower a subject's inhibitions, in the hope that the subject will more freely share information and feelings. A person is able to lie by using his imagination. In the narco Analysis Test, the subject's inhibitions are lowered by interfering with his nervous system at the molecular level. In this state, it becomes difficult though not impossible for him to lie .In such sleep-like state efforts are made to obtain "probative truth" about the crime. Following procedure has to be adopted while conducting narco test:-

# This test is conducted in government hospitals after a court order is passed instructing the doctors or hospital authorities to conduct the test. Personal consent of the subject is also required.

# Experts inject a subject with hypnotics like Sodium Pentothal or Sodium Amytal under the controlled circumstances of the laboratory.

# The dose is dependent on the person's sex, age, health and physical condition.

# The subject which is put in a state of Hypnotism is not in a position to speak up on his own but can answer specific but simple questions after giving some suggestions.

# The answers are believed to be spontaneous as a semi-conscious person is unable to manipulate the answers.

# Wrong dose can send the subject into coma or even result in death.

# The effect of the bio-molecules on the bio-activity of an individual is evident as the drug depresses the central nervous system, lowers blood pressure and slows the heart rate, putting the subject into a hypnotic trance resulting in a lack of inhibition.

# The subject is then interrogated by the investigating agencies in the presence of the doctors.

# The revelations made during this stage are recorded both in video and audio cassettes. The report prepared by the experts is what is used in the process of collecting evidence.

A person is able to lie by using his imagination. In the Narco Analysis Test, the subject's imagination is neutralised by making him semi-conscious. In this state, it becomes difficult for him to lie and his answers would be restricted to facts he is already aware of.

The subject is not in a position to speak up on his own but can answer specific and simple questions. The answers are believed to be spontaneous as a semi-conscious person is unable to manipulate the answers. "Narcoanalysis" is a tool which is now being, alarmingly, used by investigating agencies in criminal cases, as an interrogation technique.

It was first used in 2002, in the Godhra carnage probe. During the Telgi scam, the use of narcoanalysis came under the scanner, and then it was used in the Arushi murder investigation. The scientific validity of the test has been questioned by medical professionals, and the legal validity has also been debated in several international and national cases.

Recently in Gujrat, narcoanalysis test has been conducted in connection with mysterious killing of Jhurjhura Tigress at Bandhavgarh National Park in May 2010. The young tigress, mother of three cubs, was found dead in a water-hole at Park. Post-mortem revealed that it had died of internal haemorrhage while circumstantial evidence suggested a vehicle hit the big cat to death.

The case has been handed over to the Criminal Investigation Department(CID) and then to the Special Task Force(STF). STF narrowed the list for "narcoanalysis" test to four persons- Man Singh, Pankaj Vishvakarma, Dhirendra Chaturvedi and Shrilal Yadav. While three agreed to give their consent, Yadav refused to take test on grounds of post-test hazards.

They were subjected to the test on july 30 at Gandhinagar Forensic Science Laboratory (FSL). The Officials are now analyzing the CDs of the interrogation session provided by Gandhinagar FSL for further investigation.

Brain Mapping Test:



Tests for  Brain Mapping
Brain-mapping is a comprehensive analysis of brainwave frequency bandwidths. In this test, forensic experts apply unique neuroscience techniques to find out if a suspect's brain recognizes things from a crime scene which an innocent person's brain will have no knowledge of.

In brain-mapping, sensors are attached to the suspect's head and he or she is made to sit in front of a computer screen. The suspect is then made to see images or hear sounds.

The sensors monitor electrical activity in the brain and register certain waves which are generated only if the suspect has any connection with the stimulus (image or sound).

This test was developed and patented in 1995 by neurologist Dr. Lawrence A. Farwell, Director and Chief Scientist “Brain Wave Science”, IOWA. In this method, called the “Brain-wave finger printing”; the accused is first interviewed and interrogated to find out whether he is concealing any information.

Then sensors are attached to the subject’s head and the person is seated before a computer monitor. He is then shown certain images or made to hear certain sounds. The sensors monitor electrical activity in the brain and register P300 waves, which are generated only if the subject has connection with the stimulus i.e. picture or sound.

The subject is not asked any questions. Dr. Farwell has published that a MERMER (Memory and Encoding Related Multifaceted Electro Encephalographic Response) is initiated in the accused when his brain recognizes noteworthy information pertaining to the crime. These stimuli are called the “target stimuli”.

In a nutshell, Brain finger printing test matches information stored in the brain with information from the crime scene. Studies have shown that an innocent suspect’s brain would not have stored or recorded certain information, which an actual perpetrator’s brain would have stored. In USA, the FBI has been making use of “Brain mapping technique” to convict criminals.

In Jan 30, 2008, Brain-mapping test on serial killer “Chandrakant Sharma” concluded in Bangalore. He allegedly revealed details about a case.

Lie Detecting Test:



tests for lie detecting
A polygraph, popularly referred to as a "lie detector", is an instrument that measures and records several physiological indices such as blood pressure, pulse, respiration and breathing rhythms and skin conductivity while a suspect is asked a series of questions.

Deceptive answers are said to produce physiological responses that can be differentiated from those associated with non-deceptive answers.

It is an examination, which is based on an assumption that there is an interaction between the mind and body and is conducted by various components or the sensors of a polygraph machine, which are attached to the body of the person who is interrogated by the expert. The machine records the blood pressure, pulse rate and respiration and muscle movements.

"Polygraph test" is conducted in three phases- a pretest interview, chart recording, and diagnosis. The examiner (a clinical or criminal psychologist) prepares a set of test questions depending upon the relevant information about the case provided by the investigating officer, such as the criminal charges against the person and statements made by the suspect.

The subject is questioned and the reactions are measured. A baseline is established by asking questions whose answers the investigators know. Lying by a suspect is accompanied by specific, perceptible physiological and behavioral changes and the sensors and a wave pattern in the graph expose this. Deviation from the baseline is taken as a sign of a lie.
All these reactions are corroborated with other evidence gathered. The polygraph test was among the first scientific tests to be used by the interrogators. It was Keeler who further refined the polygraph machine by adding a Psycho-galvanometer to record the electrical resistance of the skin.

The Attorney General of India Ghulam E Vahanvati, arguing before a bench presided by the Chief Justice of India K.G.Balakrishnan, hearing petitions against the procedure of narco analysis, justified its use as a tool of investigation. He asserted that the procedure of narco analysis finds legal sanction under the newly amended Section 53 of the Criminal Procedure Code.

In 2005, an Explanation clause was added to Section 53 of the Criminal Procedure Code, the relevant part of which reads as follows: (a) examination" shall include the examination of blood, blood stains, semen, swabs in case of sexual offences, sputum and sweat, hair samples and finger nail clippings by the use of modem and scientific techniques including DNA profiling and such other tests which the registered medical practitioner thinks necessary in a particular case; (emphasis supplied) It is submitted that the expression 'such other tests' signifies a provision for recognizing newly developed techniques in forensic science and permitting the same in investigative procedures.

Deception Detecting Test: How Far It Is Justified?


In India, the use of Deception Detecting Tests has been questioned in courts. The main argument against it is the infringement of the fundamental right under Article 20(3)and under Article 21 of the Constitution, which provides for a privilege against self-incrimination and right to health and privacy, respectively.

The revelations made during the "Narco analysis" have been found to be of very useful in solving sensational cases of Mumbai serial train blasts, blasts at Delhi, Malegaon and more recently in Hyderabad and in various other sensational cases of National and International ramifications. In most of these cases, the revelations made have led to the discovery of information’s favoring probative truth and consequently, recoveries have been made in a large number of cases under section 27 of Indian Evidence Act3.

Thus, it is right to say that DDT is proving to be a useful tool in the field of criminal investigation. Legal questions are raised about their validity with some upholding its validity in the light of legal principles and others rejecting it as a blatant violation of constitutional provisions. There is a tension between efficient or successful investigation and preservation of individual rights, which is discussed in the following manner:

Violation of Individual Rights:


If a person is not willing to consent, it is being assumed by the people that he is not cooperating with the investigation and might have committed or involved in the offence. But, DDT has certain outcomes which are unethical as well as unconstitutional.

As To Violation Of ‘Right To Be Silent’-


(Under Article 11.1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948)
(Under Article 14(3)(g) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966)
(Under Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution)

Section 27 in The Indian Evidence Act, 1872:


How much of information received from accused may be proved.- Provided that, when any fact is deposed to as discovered in consequence of information received from a person accused of any offence, in th custody of a police- officer, so much of such information, whether it amounts to a confession or not, as relates distinctly to the fact thereby discovered, may be proved.

The right to remain silent is a legal right recognized, explicitly or by convention, in many of the world's legal systems. Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948 under Art. 11.1 declares, “Everyone charged with a penal offense has the right to be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law in a public trial at which he has had all the guarantees necessary for his defense.”

 The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966 to which India is a party state in Art. 14(3)(g) “Not to be compelled to testify against himself or to confess guilt”. The European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms states in Art. 6(1) that every person charged has a right to a ‘fair’ trial and Art. 6(2) thereof states:

“ Everyone charged with a criminal offence shall be presumed innocent until proved guilty according to law.” The right covers a number of issues centered around the right of the accused or the defendant to refuse to comment or provides an answer when questioned, either prior to or during legal proceedings in a court of law. This can be the right to avoid self-incrimination or the right to remain silent when questioned. The right usually includes the provision that adverse comments or inferences cannot be made by the judge or jury regarding the refusal by a defendant to answer questions.

Position in the United States


The Fifth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution provides that no person shall be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself. At trial, the prosecution can neither call the defendant as a witness nor comment on the defendant's failure to testify. Whether to testify or not is exclusively the privilege of the defendant. Harris v. N.Y.4Outside the context of detention sought by the State, the person still can invoke his Fifth Amendment privilege against compulsory self-incrimination, and refuse to comply.

Only if granted immunity by the state, in a formal proceeding, from having any testimony or evidence derived from the testimony used against him, can a person be compelled to answer over an assertion of this privilege? Kastigar v. U.S.5 If police detain (or arrest) a person, they must advise him that he has a right to remain silent, and the right to an attorney, among other rights. If the detained person invokes these rights, all interrogation must cease, and nothing said by the defendant in violation of this rule can be admitted against him at trial6.

Position in India


A survey of the current law in various countries reveals that in USA, Canada and India in view of the constitutional provisions against self-incrimination the Courts have required the prosecution to prove guilt beyond reasonable doubt and there has been no encroachment whether at the stage of interrogation or trial, into the right to silence vested in the suspect or accused.

The right against forced self-incrimination, widely known as the Right to Silence is enshrined in the Code of Criminal Procedure (CrPC) and the Indian Constitution.
In, CrPC, the legislature has guarded a citizen’s right against self-incrimination. S.161 (2) of the Code of Criminal Procedure states that every person “is bound to answer truthfully all questions, put to him by [a police] officer, other than questions the answers to which would have a tendency to expose that person to a criminal charge, penalty or forfeiture”.

The constitution of India guarantees every person right against self-incrimination under Article 20(3) of the Indian Constitution "No person accused of any offense shall be compelled to be a witness against himself.”

Self-Incrimination:



Self-incrimination is the act of exposing oneself to an accusation or charge of crime
It is well established common law doctrine that every accused person is presumed innocent unless proved guilty and it is for the prosecution to prove the guilt and in the process the accused cannot be compelled to make a self-incriminating statement.

The term ‘self-incrimination’ means the act of accusing oneself of a crime for which a person can then be prosecuted. Self-incrimination7 can occur either directly or indirectly: directly, by means of interrogation where information of a self-incriminatory nature is disclosed; indirectly, when information of a self-incriminatory nature is disclosed voluntarily without pressure from another person.

It is well established that the Right to Silence has been granted to the accused by virtue of the pronouncement in the case of Nandini Sathpathy vs P.L.Dani8 Supreme Court held that “ no one can forcibly extract statements from the accused, who has the right to keep silent during the course of interrogation (investigation).

By the administration of these tests, forcible intrusion into one’s mind is being restored to, thereby nullifying the validity and legitimacy of the Right to Silence. Moreover, under the influence of the drug, the accused has garbled speech and tends to talk about fantasies, and labours under delusions. For example, a person may talk about a crime s/he fantasized about committing, even if they actually have not done it. Their state resembles that of a person in delirium. So, it ultimately constitutes self incrimination of a person because it is difficult to distinguish reality from fantasy.

As To Violation of Right To Health-


(Under Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948)
(Under Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1966)
(Under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution)
Article 25 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 states that "Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health, and wellbeing of himself and his family...". The Preamble to the World Health Organisation's (WHO) constitution also declares that it is one of the fundamental rights of every human being to enjoy "the highest attainable standard of health". The United Nations further defined the right to health in Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights in 1966.

The supreme court judgment of Urjit Singh Vs State of Punjab) AIR 1996 SC 1388 ordered settle the claim as per the rates admissible in 'Escorts Hospital'. Law is therefore well settled that right to health is an integral part of life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Indian Constitution.

P. Chandra Sekharan, President of the Forensic Science Society of India, says that not only are narcoanalysis tests unreliable, they may also lead to dangerous side effects. The truth serum substance, sodium pentothal is the same substance that in larger dosages is used to induce a deep coma like state for executions by lethal injection in USA. A large dose of the drug is lethal; a test could result in coma or even death.

 It can be difficult to determine the correct dose of the drug. But in 2011, Sheikh Mujib, an engineering student who was accused in a bomb blast case in the Indian city of Ahmedabad, complained of health problems after narcoanalysis. Arun Ferreira, a political activist who underwent forced narcoanalyis after being arrested in 2007 under the Unlawful Activities Prevention Act for being an alleged Maoist, described the procedure as a sort of torture.

As To Violation Of Right To Privacy-


(Under Article 19 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948)
(Under Article 17(1) of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights)
(Under Article 21 of the Constitution)

The concept of privacy is internationally recognized under Article 19 of UDHR as: “Everyone has the right to freedom of opinion and expression; this right includes freedom to hold opinions without interference and to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas through any media and regardless of frontiers. By the expression “Right to Privacy” we mean the right to be left alone to live one’s own life with minimum degree of interference. The right to privacy is also stipulated in the Covenant on Civil and political Rights under Article 17(1) which says, “no one shall be subjected to arbitrary or unlawful interference with his privacy, family, home or correspondence, nor to unlawful attacks on his honour and reputation and everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or attacks.” But this right is not guaranteed in the Indian Constitution.

However, in Kharak Sing v State of U.P., [(1964) 1 SCR 33] it was held by the Supreme Court that the domiciliary visits is an infringement of the right to privacy and is violative of the citizen’ s fundamental right guaranteed under Art.21 of the Indian Constitution. Subba Rao J. was of the opinion that privacy was an essential ingredient of personal liberty.

In Govind v State of Madhya Pradesh [1996 (0) MPLJ 649] the right to privacy was assumed to be a part of the personal liberty guaranteed under Art. 21 of the Constitution, by stating that although the right to privacy is not explicitly provided in the Constitution, it is ingrained in the fundamental right of life and personal liberty.

In People’s Union for Civil Liberties v Union of India [1997 AIR (SC) 568], commonly known as telephone tapping case, the Supreme Court held that right to life and personal liberty includes telephone conversation in the office or home and thus telephone tapping is violative of Art. 21.
In Smt. Selvi and Ors Vs State of Karnataka, Supreme Court held that the use of narco analysis, brain-mapping and "polygraph tests" on accused, suspects and witnesses without their consent, unconstitutional and violation of the ‘right to privacy'.

Thus, Right to Privacy is implicit in the Right to life and liberty guaranteed to the citizens of India by Article 21 of the Constitution of India. None can publish anything covering the above matters without his consent whether truthful or otherwise and whether laudatory or critical. If done so, it will be violating right to privacy of person concerned and would be liable in an action for damages.

Deception detection tests amounts to an invasion of privacy if it involves eliciting personal information from the accused known only to him. However, it must be noted that the test assumes the character of a restriction imposed by law on the said right.

Imperative For Efficient Investigation:


To Achieve Justice-
On The Part of Accused:
Pre-Consent/Informed Consent Is Taken-
Deception detecting test comes under the general power of investigation (Sections 160-167,Cr.P.C.).But it must be realized that it is prerogative of the person to allow himself/herself to be put to the test or not and it should not be left to the discretion of police. Unless it is allowed by law and the accused himself, it must be seen as illegal and unconstitutional. But, if it is conducted with free consent’ of the person it may be permitted. The person should be made well aware of the technicalities of the procedure, the effect of the narcotics under whose influence he shall be interrogated as well as the physical, psychological and legal ramifications of undergoing the procedure, this knowledge becomes the basis on which he renders his voluntary consent.

‘Free consent’ means it is voluntary and is not given under coercive circumstances. For example, If a person says, “I wish to take a "lie detectors test" because I wish to clear my name”. It shows his/her free consent but it is still to be shown that whether this voluntariness was under coercive circumstances or not. If a person is told by police “If you want to clear your name take a lie detector test” or” take a lie detector test and we will let you go” then it shows that police has linked up the freedom to go with the "lie detector test" and as such it cannot be held voluntary.

So, we can say that when there is an informed consent about the consequences of the trauma inducing tests, there is no question of violation of constitutional rights.

Supreme Court Judgments:-



Judgments of Supreme of India, Delhi
The Supreme Court consisting of three-judge bench headed by the Chief Justice K.G. Balakrishnan, said that so-called narco analysis, brain mapping and "polygraph tests" cannot be conducted on any person without their consent. Such procedures “are illegal and a violation of personal liberty.”

Arushi Murder Case


Rajesh and Nupur Talwar, was on trial in Delhi for murdering their 14-year-old daughter, volunteered for narcoanalysis in an attempt to prove their innocence.

Geetika Sharma Suicide Case’


Former Haryana minister Gopal Goyal Kanda has refused to undergo brain mapping and narco-analysis test in a case of abetting the suicide of a former air hostess Geetika Sharma. On the other side, the victim's family approached the National Commission for Women (NCW) seeking strict action against the culprits. The city police had approached Bangalore-based forensic sciences laboratory (FSL) for the tests. The FSL officials, however, said that tests were not possible without the consent of the accused.

Jhurjhura Tigress’s Case


Till 2011, Madhya Pradesh was known as the tiger state of India, and not without reason: in 2000, it had 700 tigers. But according to census of 2011, there are only 257 left. Recently in 2010, in Bandhavgarh Tiger Reserve, a tigress was murdered in mysterious by tourists. Four persons were charged suspected and undergone deception detecting test where one of the suspected has refused to give his consent on narcoanalysis test on grounds of post-test hazards.

NHRC Guidelines Being Followed-


National Human Rights Commission had published Guidelines in 2000 for the Administration of "Polygraph test". NHRC guidelines, on their part, maintain if an accused volunteers for a lie-detector test, then he should be given access to a lawyer and the physical, emotional and legal implications of such a test should be explained to him by both police and his lawyer.

Moreover, the consent should be recorded before a judicial magistrate and during the hearing, the person who has agreed to the test should be duly represented by a lawyer. Among other things, NHRC guidelines say the actual recording of the lie- detector test should be done by an independent agency like a hospital and in the presence of alawyer. Also, a full medical and factual narration of the manner of the information received must be put on record.

On The Part Of Victim:


Though many would argue that these psycho-medical tests are invasive and brutally infringe upon the bunch of fundamental rights guaranteed under Charters and multiple Covenants, let us not forget that these same invasive psycho-medical tests enable law enforcement agencies in securing much awaited justice to the victims/sufferers. These tests assume importance in such scenarios where circumstantial evidences are baffling or lead to nowhere thus turning out to be a ray of light in a dark tunnel.
Secure Public Interest-

Dr. R.E. House’s address to the First Annual Meeting of the Eastern Society of Anaesthetists in 1925 about the role of his scopolamine tests:

" ... Society has the right to be protected against the criminal, and all of society's rights are manifestly superior to those of the criminal. There can be no gainsaying the fact that a suspect is either innocent or guilty, and no one knows the truth better than does the suspect himself. It, therefore, stands to reason, that where there is a safe and humane measure existing to evoke the truth from the consciousness of the suspect, that society is entitled to have the truth...........

 If society has the right to take property, liberty, and life for its protection, then society has the right to make, by trained men, the use of truth serum legal. The framers of the Bill of Rights believed the rights of society were paramount to the rights of the criminal. It was an instrument for the protection of the innocent and not intended for the acquittal of the guilty".

In the case of Gobind v. State of Madhya Pradesh, the Supreme Court held the right to privacy to be included in the right to personal liberty guaranteed under Article 21. However, the Court also held that the right to privacy is not an absolute one and that it can be restricted on the basis of a compelling State interest.

The irony of the modern law jurisprudence is that there are many learned counsels engaged to defend the rights of the accused while there is none to defend the public cause and interest. In Krushi and Charminar Bank Scam, evidence thousands of depositors lost their lifetime earnings and savings meant for education the kith and kin, to perform the marriage of the children and pensioner benefits vanished overnight shattering their dreams and pushing them to the brink of bankruptcy and suicides.

Yet when the Managing Director of Krushi Bank was nabbed, he refused to undergo Narco analysis procedure.In such instances, if the right against self-incrimination is upheld against the public interest and it would weaken the evidence and thereby denial of justice to the public. Murderers, money launderers, terrorist are allowed to walk away Scott free exploiting the loopholes in the legal system. Ironically in all these issues, we apply criminal procedures only to protect the individual freedom of the accused while rights and lives of many people have been sacrificed.

The present criminal justice system is obsessed with individual liberty and freedom and in this context, a safe passage forwent and criminals due to weakness in the criminal justice system leading to dilution of evidence. Since the validity of the test and admissibility of DDT upheld taking into consideration the circumstances under which it was obtained, there is a little possibility of the miscarriage of justice when administered as per procedure prescribed and observing the due safety precautions, the apprehension on the part of counsels of accused and critics is unwarranted.

Recently Special Cell of the Delhi Police arrested three terrorists belonging to Lashkar-e- Toiba , a Pakistan based anti-India Terrorist organisation. They were arrested in a swift action when there were about to denotate bomb explosions in Indian Metros during upcoming festive seasons. Not many would know or believe but this elusive success story was the result of narco – analysis of Abu Zindal, a terrorist recently extradited to India by Saudi Arabia.

IN USA:


The congressional investigation of September 11th in US has also utilized the potentials of Narco analysis. The prime accused Abu Zubaydah was picked up by CIA during 2003 and the confessions made by him during Sodium pentathol aided interview; are now available in the WEB. However, it is not necessary to traverse about the shocking revelations made. In pursuance of this, it may be seen from a book entitled “Confessions of a terrorist” by Gerald Posner that “US administration privately believes that the Supreme Court implicitly approved using such drugs in matters where public safety is at risk”

Admissibility In Court Of Law


Confessions made by a semi-conscious person is not admissible in court. Deception Detecting Test report has some validity but is not totally admissible in court, which considers the circumstances under which it was obtained and assess its admissibility. Results of such tests can be used to get admissible evidence, can be collaborated with other evidence or to support other evidence.

But if the result of this test is not admitted in a court, it cannot be used to support any other evidence obtained the course of the routine investigation. The Centre Bureau of Investigation, through G.E. Vahanvati, then solicitor general and now attorney general, had supported the tests and told the apex court that investigative agencies had legal mandate to conduct them. The results provided clues and did not have any evidentiary value, Vahanvati had said.

The Bombay High Court recently in a significant verdict in the case of, Ramchandra Reddy and Ors. v. The State of Maharashtra, upheld the legality of the use of P300 or Brain finger-printing, lie-detector test and the use of truth serum or narco analysis. The court upheld a special court order given by the special court in Pune as mentioned above, allowing the SIT to conduct scientific tests on the accused in the fake stamp paper scam including the main accused, Abdul Karim Telgi.

The verdict also said that the evidence procured under the effect of truth serum is also admissible. In the course of the judgment, a distinction was drawn between “statement” (made before a police officer) and “testimony” (made under oath in court). The Judges, Justice Palshikar and Justice Kakade, said that the lie-detector and the brain mapping tests did not involve any “statement” being made and the statement made under narcoanalysis was not admissible in evidence during the trial.

Section 45 of the Indian Evidence Act, 1872 does allow experts’ opinions in certain cases. It reads:
“When the court has to form an opinion upon a point of foreign law, or of science, or art, or as to identity of handwriting or finger impression, the opinions upon that point or persons especially skilled in such foreign law, or of science, or art, or as to identity of handwriting or finger impressions are relevant.”

However, this section is silent on other aspects of forensic evidence that can be admissible in court in criminal proceedings.

The drafting committee on “National Criminal Justice System Policy” headed by Prof. N. R. Madhavanan has recommended various measures to be taken up by the Govt. for effective management of not only traditional Forensic Science requirements but also to overall S & T[ Science and technology] needs of Criminal Justice System to raise the levels of capability and sophistication.

The drafting committee recommended that-


The evidence Act may need to be amended to make scientific evidence admissible as substantive evidence rather than opinion evidence’ and establish its probative value, depending on the sophistication of the concerned scientific discipline. Scientific techniques and procedures used have to be validated by appropriate agencies and professionally recommended for acceptance as evidence.

The Investigating Agency has statutory right to investigate the crime and to find out the truth and to reach to the accused. Narco Analysis Test for criminal interrogation is valuable technique which would profoundly affect both the innocent and the guilty and thereby hasten the cause of justice. Conducting of Narco Analysis Test and Brain Mapping Test on the accused is in process of collection of such evidence by the Investigating Agency.

Section 161 of the Criminal Procedure Code enables the police to examine the accused also during the investigation. Criminal justice system cannot function without the cooperation of the people. Rather, it is the duty of every person to assist the State in the detection of the crime and bringing criminal to justice. Withholding such information cannot be traced to the right to privacy, which itself is not an absolute right. It is the statutory duty of every witness, who has the knowledge of the commission of the crime, to assist the State in giving evidence.

Conclusion


This report has reviewed current policies, practices and organizational arrangements within which detecting deception tests are used by the police.

The criminal justice system should be based on just and equitable principles.
In spite of the fact that Narco Analysis is “not so reliable” method, its significance and necessity in the present scenario cannot be in any way negated but yet it has its own controversies and concerns.

With the growth and development of society the nature of the crime has been also changing and diversifying. The developments and advancements in science and technology should be utilized to the fullest for effective aids to interrogation and investigations in criminal justice system.

It could be understood that these pscho-medicl tests are violative in character but at the same time individual interest cant be placed above collective interest. Let us fulfill the dream of having crime free society and the maxim “Jura publica anteferendaprivatis juribus” should be followed meaning thereby “public rights are to be preferred to private rights whenever there being a dilemma between individual liberties and security of public interest.

Section 173 in The Code Of Criminal Procedure, 1973: Report of police officer on completion of investigation, (1) Every investigation under this Chapter shall be completed without unnecessary delay. (2) (i) As soon as it is completed, the officer in charge of the police station shall forward to a Magistrate empowered to take cognizance of the offence on a police report, a report in the form prescribed by the State Government, stating- 

(a) the names of the parties
(b) the nature of the information
(c) the names of the persons who appear to be acquainted with the circumstances of the case
(d) whether any offence appears to have been committed and, if so, by whom
(e) whether the accused has been arrested
(f) whether he has been released on his bond and, if so, weather with or without sureties
(g) whether he has been forwarded in custody under section 170

(ii) The officer shall also communicate, In such manner as may be prescribed by the State Government, the action taken by him, to the person, if any, by whom the information relating to the commission of the offence was first given.

Forensic science is defined as the application of science in answering questions that are of legal interest. More specifically, forensic scientists employ techniques and tools to interpret crime scene evidence, and use that information in investigations. Forensic scientists and technicians come from a variety of academic backgrounds, although most have completed coursework in the life sciences, chemistry and law enforcement


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